Lexical Bundles in Reading Passages of English Textbook for Senior High School: A Comparative Study Between Three Textbooks Of Different Grades

This study discusses lexical bundles in reading passages in English textbooks for senior high school. This study has two objectives, the first is to find out lexical bundles of three-word and four-word are found in reading passages of English Textbooks for senior high school for X, XI, and XII grades. Second, To find lexical Category types found in reading passages of the English Textbook for senior high school entitled ”Bahasa Inggris” for X, XI, and XII grades. In addition, this study used the theory from Biber. According to Biber, the categories of lexical bundles are noun phrases, verb phrases and prepositional phrases. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method used reading passages in an English textbook for senior high school entitled "Bahasa Inggris". Data collection in this study was assisted by Antconc software to determine lexical bundles and analyze lexical bundles according to the category of lexical bundles. From the results of the study, there were 146 lexical bundles in X grade, 203 lexical bundles in XI grade, and 199 lexical bundles in XII grade. Then, 299 categories of lexical bundles of noun phrases, 159 verb phrases, and 91 lexical bundles of preposition phrases. Lexical bundles of three-word and four-word are found in reading passages in English textbooks. Then, three-word lexical bundles have the highest occurrence rate. In addition, the noun phrase category has a level of occurrence that is often used in reading passages in English textbooks for senior high school.


INTRODUCTION
As one of the teaching materials that are widely used by teachers is textbooks, textbooks play an important role in helping students learn.According to Hornby (1995), a textbook is a book that provides instruction on a subject study.From this, it can be concluded that textbooks help teachers or guide students to understand the material.
In ordinary reading texts, there are phrases that are usually difficult for students to understand when reading such as by the way and in the chapter, which is one type of lexical bundle.Textbooks also serve as a template or example for word construction, including the use of lexical bundle terms in reading texts.Lexical bundles, in Hyland's opinion, let a text feel coherent from the standpoint of a given discourse.Additionally, they help to shape meaning in a certain text and setting.Abbas, A., Zahra, T., and Hussain, G. (2021).
Lexical bundles are crucial conceptual building blocks for communicative activity (Biber, 2009); they are seen as essential to language teaching and learning, particularly as a measure of students' English ability and as a tool for facilitating language learning.Multi-word phrases can aid learners in producing language fluently and organically, as Wray (2002) notes.When learning lexical bundles, it might assist pupils in comprehending and spoken English.A set of words must still meet specific requirements for frequency and distribution within the corpus in order to be classified as a lexical bundle.The threshold frequency is arbitrary and is determined by the size of the specific study.Frequency crossing locations have been the subject of numerous theories, with estimates ranging from 20 times (Biber et al., 1999) to 40 times (Biber & Barbieri, 2007).To avoid the author utilizing an improper sample, it must also appear at least in many different texts within the corpus under investigation in addition to this frequency.
Lexical bundles are categorized into taxonomies by powerful classifications that they produce.According to Biber et al. (2004) andBieber (2006), verb phrase-based bundles, preposition phrase bundles, and other lexical bundles are the three categories of lexical bundles.bundles based on noun phrases.most useful group of lexical bundles for lexical bundle analysis, as evidenced by extensive use and ongoing citation in numerous earlier research on the topic.The study discovered that pupils in the XIIth grade still struggled with numerous language proficiency skills, including writing, speaking, listening, and reading.However, the researcher's goal in this study was to describe in detail the issues that students confront.Finding the meaning of sentences within a paragraph is a concept that takes students a long time to grasp.This indicates that they still have limited English language skills.Therefore, it is crucial for students to comprehend lexical bundles in order to make it simpler for them to comprehend and learn from reading textbooks.The majority of kids had trouble understanding the sentence so that kids find it challenging to comprehend a reading assignment.Students now have a better comprehension of the idioms they frequently encounter while reading books.The goal of the study is to examine the lexical clusters employed in reading passages in senior high school English textbooks.to help the teacher conceal the expressions in the reading text assigned to the students.
Based on the foregoing reasoning, this study will investigate lexical bundles in senior high school English reading textbooks.This study's focus is on senior high school English textbooks.The lexical bundles of three and four words are the subject of this investigation.This is due to the fact that three-word and four-word bundles, which can be regarded as sets in size for further analysis, are the most prevalent in the text.( 2010) Chen and Baker.The researcher is interested in analyzing it because she is curious about the kinds of lexical bundles that are present in the readings in senior high school English textbooks.The teacher uses this textbook as a roadmap for the students' education.because Curriculum 2013, the current curriculum, is used to tie the book's levels.This book was put together by a number of professionals working directly with the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia.This study will investigate the following research issues to reach a thorough analysis of lexical bundles used in English textbooks for senior high schools.The following questions are addressed: a) How are lexical bundles (three-word and four-word) found in reading passages of the English textbook for senior high school titled "Bahasa Inggris for X, XI, and XII grade; b) What of lexical bundles Category are found?

METHODOLOGY
The Quantitative Descriptive approach was employed in this study to examine lexical bundles in reading from senior high school English textbooks.quantitative study for more illuminating findings.Gathering, interpreting, and drawing data are all steps in the design of quantitative procedures.The researcher will be able to quantify the frequency of lexical groupings of three and four words when reading high school English textbooks.The researcher will then examine the types of lexical sets included in the readings in senior high school English textbooks (noun phrases, preposition phrases, and verb phrases).

Lexical Bundles Three-Word and Four-word in English Textbook Senior High School for X, XI, and XII Grade
According to the researcher's findings, all reading passages in the English textbook for grades X, XI, and XII use lexical bundles of three and four words.The researcher's data criteria, which have a cut-off frequency of two to ten events per thousand words, are met by the three-word and four-word lexical bundles found in English textbooks for secondary schools.Then, combinations of occurrences.To qualify as a lexical bundle in an English textbook, a set of words must appear in the reading text at least twice.The size of word combinations is the last.Only lexical bundles of three and four words are taken into consideration because they are more useful.The researcher's findings, include the lexical bundles.In high school English textbooks, three words and four words have different meanings.Shown in the table below.
Tabel.4.2.Three-Word And Four-Word Of Lexical Bundles In English Textbook For Senior High School For XI, XI, and XII Grade.

Frequency of Three Words
Frequency of Four Words The number of lexical bundles of three and four words in senior high school reading English texts is seen in table 4.2 above.The overall word count in the English textbooks for grade X is 4,999,000.There are 116 three-word bundles and 30 four-word bundles in all.Additionally, the XI grade English textbook contains 2,279,00 words in total.There are 118 three-word bundles and 85 four-word bundles in all.Then, there are 4,191 thousand words in the English textbook for grades 12 overall.199 three-word and 62 four-word lexical bundles are present.There are 371 three-word lexical bundles and 177 four-word lexical bundles overall.
Then, the lexical bundles of three words have the highest frequency compared to the four words.The following is an example of three-word and four-word lexical bundles contained in the AntCont software display: Three

Note: PP (preposition phrases) NP (Noun phrases) VP (verb phrases )
Using the data in table 4.3, Lexical bundles overall There are 116 three-word lexical bundles and 30 four-word lexical bundles, for a total of 146 lexical bundles, in the English textbooks for the X grade.Additionally, there are 118 three-word lexical bundles and 85 four-word lexical bundles, for a total of 203 lexical bundles, in the English textbooks for the XI grade.Additionally, there are 62 four-word lexical bundles and 137 three-word lexical bundles for a total of 199 lexical bundles in the English textbooks for the XII grade.Thus, it can be said that when compared to English textbooks for grades X and XII, those for the XI grade have the highest sum of lexical bundles.Because the reading materials in the XI grade English textbooks more words and longer reading content than the reading passages in the X and XII grade English textbooks.
There are 159 category verb phrases, 299 category noun phrases, and 91 category preposition phrases among the lexical bundles included in the senior high school English textbook.The result is the noun phrase that appears most frequently in all senior high school textbooks under the heading of lexical bundles.Here are some instances of lexical bundles in general:

Noun phrases Verb Phrases Preposition Phrases city but my family l am writing in the image a good caption go to the fish in an article a caption also also called captions of the jakarta a magazine or also known as of an article a text that article provides context of description or
Lexical Bundles Three-Word and Four-Word in English Textbook The first research topic concerns the distribution of lexical bundles (three and four words) in the reading passages of the "Bahasa Inggris" English textbook for senior high school for grades X, XI, and XII.The findings indicated that three-word lexical sequences were more common than four-word lexical sequences in Xth grade English textbooks.Then, in XI grade English textbooks, the lexical bundles of three words appear higher in the text than the lexical bundles of four words.Additionally, the lexical bundles of three words are prioritized over those of four words in English textbooks for the XII grade.The three-word lexical bundles have a larger occurrence rate than the four-word lexical bundles, it can be inferred.Therefore, it can be said that all books for senior high schools have a larger frequency of three-word lexical bundles than four-word lexical bundles.The three-word lexical bundle is counted twice in the four-word lexical bundle since the four-word lexical bundle contains the three-word lexical bundle while the three-word lexical bundle does not.A four-word lexical bundle, on the other hand, is not included in a three-word lexical bundle.The hypothesis Cortes (2004) states that three-word lexical bundles have also been identified as the shorter forms of four-word lexical bundles supports the findings of this study.
The findings of Meli Tri Diana Putri's research from 2022, "" struktur dan fungsi Gugus lexical bundles dalam text peraturan perundang-undang, surat resmi, dan surat bisnis,"" support the findings of this study.According to this study, the three-word lexical bundle occurs more frequently than the four-word lexical bundle.Considering that a four-word lexical bundle contains a three-word lexical bundle.The three-word lexical bundle excludes the four-word lexical bundle from its contents.Because readings in English textbooks for XI grade typically have longer reading texts compared to readings in English textbooks for X and XII grade, the study's findings indicate that these textbooks include the most lexical bundles.Therefore, the likelihood that the lexical bundle will exist increases with text length.
With the existence of lexical bundles in reading passages in English books, it can help students understand the reading texts that are given to students.This argument is also supported by Beng and Keong (2015) who state that lexical bundles can help students understand texts.Therefore, students can benefit significantly from the existence of lexical bundles of reading texts.These results are also supported by the research of Wray (2002) andMillar (2011), which states that the instructions and use of Lexical bundles can effectively improve students' insight competence in learning English at school.

Category of Lexical Bundles in English Textbook
The second research issue concerns the types of lexical bundles that can be identified in the reading of the "Bahasa Inggris" English Senior High School textbook for grades X, XI, and XII.The findings indicated that noun phrases are the grammatical categories of lexical bundles that are utilized in reading passages in all books the most frequently.As opposed to verb positions and phrasal prepositions, noun positions serve more purposes in sentences.Because of this, nouns are utilized more frequently than phrasal verbs and prepositional phrasal phrases.A noun has two possible roles in a sentence: subject and object.
According to the findings of this study, which were supported by research by Conrad and Biber (2004), all of the lexical bundles they uncovered were classified as Noun Phrases in academic writing, including poetry and songs.It should be emphasized that verb and prepositional phrases, which are less frequent in written academic texts and more frequent in spoken language like speeches, also exist sparingly in academic research articles produced by Turkish experts.The study's findings also indicate that compared to English textbooks for grades X and XII, English textbooks for grade XI had the highest frequency of three-and fourword lexical bundles.This is due to the fact that the reading passages in the XI English textbooks are longer than the reading texts contained in English textbooks for X and XII grade.Thus the emergence of lexical bundles will often occur in longer text readings.

CONCLUSION
Lexical bundles is defined as the order of three or more words that appear frequently in the register.The main aim of this research is to analyze discipline-specific repetitive expressions namely Lexical bundles.By answering two main research questions, this study reaches findings about the use of Lexical Bundles in the Reading passages of English textbooks for senior high school.
Lexical bundles in English textbooks published by the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia for X, XI, and XII grades for senior high school found that the most frequently used lexical bundle is the three-word lexical bundle compared to the four-word bundle.Subsequently, Lexical bundles appear the most in English textbooks for XI grades, rather than English textbooks for X and XII grades.The category of lexical bundles with the highest frequency of occurrence is noun phrases in all English textbooks for X, XI, and XII grade compared to the categories of verb phrases and prepositional phrases.
This research is expected to be able to contribute knowledge about the study of lexical bundles in English textbook, especially in reading At least the focus of the discussion reviewing makes the researcher aware of it that there are still many deficiencies in this study.By therefore, studies next is expected to be able to complement existing deficiencies in this research.
Prepositional phrases, noun phrases, and verb phrases are the three types of lexical bundles.Noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases make up the categories of lexical bundles in the X, XI, and XII Grade books, whereas the following research findings were made:Tabel 4.3.Frequency Distribution Category Lexical Bundles in the English Senior High School Textbook for Grades X, XI, and XII