A Deixis Analysis in Joko Widodo’s Speech on the Closing G20 Summit

Deixis become an important function in oral communication. They can resolve confusion, ambiguity, and misunderstanding on meaning of utterances. Among the many formal communication forms, the speech of President Joko Widodo in G20 Summit closing event can become interesting to research in term of deixis study. This article investigates the type of deixis and what deixis is the most dominantly used in the speech of Joko Widodo at the G20 Summit closing. The data were described qualitatively by referring to Levinson. Using Miles and Huberman's interactive mode, the finding shows that among 47 of deixis used, person deixis was 25, temporal deixis 3, social deixis 14, and discourse deixis 5. Person deixis “I” was found to be the most dominant in the speech, which indeed conclude that President Joko Widodo showed himself the the holder of the mandate for holding the G20 Summit in Indonesia.


INTRODUCTION
Deixis, the contextual words discussed in pragmatics, was important for oral communication.Deixis served an important function in resolving confusion, ambiguity, and misunderstanding about the meaning of an utterance.Deixis made communication wellorganized and more understandable so that deixis did not affect the recipient's responses.Deixis played an important role in communication because it linked time frame, physical location, people involved, and what people said, allowing words that do not have a fixed reference to only be interpreted based on context.(Asmarita & Haryudin, 2019).People can find what they're looking for in gratitude for the need for language in communication (Syakur et al., 2020).How a message is conveyed becomes a factor in comprehending the meaning of language (Frastiwi & Aisyah, 2022).It was useful as an explanation of the meaning of a speech so that the listeners understood the meaning contained in the speech.
According to Kendrick et al (2020), deixis was referenced through the use of a phrase whose meaning was contingent upon the utterance's context, such as the speaker's gestures or where they were in the speech at the time.The phenomenon of deixis was most visible in the link between language and context, which was reflected in language structures.Understanding deixis enabled the audience to determine the actual meaning of the speaker"s deictic words more easily.The relationship between a text and the context in which it was used as the focus of deixis.Deixis was concerned with how languages represent elements of the utterance context, and as a result, it was also concerned with how the interpretation of utterances was dependent on the context.
The use of language can be effective if the context was known.Yule (2006) stated that if the context was known, language use could be described as regular and effective.However, the Indonesian people did not understand deixis, and this problem was caused by the fact that people sometimes find it easy to learn the language because it was always used for daily activities (Maemunah & Akbar, 2021).But when the context is not known by the interlocutor, it will cause ambiguity, confusion, and misunderstanding in communication, especially the speaker's actual position, such as here and there, now, tomorrow or today, then, and yesterday, in addition to pronouns like me, you, she, him, it, and them.For example: "You"ll have to bring it back tomorrow because she isn"t here today.".When taken out of context, this sentence was quite ambiguous.It used terms like "you," "it," "tomorrow," "she," "here," and "today," whose meanings could only be deduced from an understanding of the current physical situation.
According to Levinson (2011), there are 5 types of deixis, such as person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.Personal pronouns, specifically first person (I or we), second person (you), and third person (he, she, or they), can be used to express person deixis.Cruse (2000), cited in Pangaribuan, Manik, and Pasaribu (2015) said the speaker (first person) was the primary focus of person deixis; the second person who receives the information; and other significant participants in the speech situation who did not speak or listen (third person).You and I both can talk about another person.It functions as the deictic focal point and varies depending on the speaker.The speaker addressed the listener in the second person and may have addressed the listener in the third person.Lyons (1968) stated when referring to himself as a topic of discussion, the speaker used the first person.The listener was referred to in the second person, while non-speakers and listeners were referred to in the third person.The pronoun a speaker will be used in social situations must be considered.The best ones must be chosen by the speaker.The choice of pronoun ought to be accepted by society because it can represent the speaker's position in society in relation to those around him.The following are some examples of the person deixis: "I am the teacher".The research conducted by Simatupang and Fathonah (2020) that they found person deixis in the sentence "I will ask and I will force that the task of the bureaucracy is making it delivered".Based on the example, the first-person singular pronoun "I" was also used to demonstrate his "authority" as Indonesia's president to compel the bureaucracy to perform its obligations.In this case, the first person should have the audience at G20 Summit.Levinson (2011) said that the objective of spatial deixis was to convey the location of a speech event.However, corresponding to the speaker, the location can be enhanced both mentally and physically.In English, the adverbs there and here, as well as the demonstrative pronouns this and that, were used to express place deixis.Spatial deixis is used to indicate or point out something where the speaker means the specific location and thing and it is also used to describe something to someone (Kurniawan & Utami, 2022).Nababan (1987) said, in the event of language, spatial deixis was giving shape to location; space (place) was seen from the location of the person's role.In other words, place deixis was an expression that showed the location relative to the location of a speaker.The following are examples of place deixis: "Stay here, please!".The research conducted by Simatupang and Fathonah (2020) that they found spatial deixis in the sentence "The protocol officers asked me to stand at that spot, and that first year I complied".From the example, Joko Widodo mentioned "that spot" as distal deixis to denote the spot where the protocol officers asked him to stand.In this case, the word "that" should have a location where Joko Widodo stands.
According to Levinson (2011), the encoding of temporal points that indicate the time of an utterance event was the focus of temporal deixis.Time adjectives in the order now, yesterday, and then, as well as verb tenses, were the linguistic forms used to express time deixis.The time at which the utterance was made or the voice of the speaker was heard was now indicated by the proximal form of temporal deixis.The speaker's current time determines the distal form.Temporal deixis can also be used with non-deictic temporal references like calendars and clocks.The psychological basic principle of temporal deixis was nearly identical to that of place deixis.The examples of the time deixis can be seen as follows: "last night, they came to my party".The research conducted by Simatupang and Fathonah (2020) that they found temporal deixis in the sentence "Indonesia will have become an advanced country with an annual income of Rp 320 million per capita or a monthly income of Rp 27 million per capita".
In the example, Joko Widodo used temporal deixis such as "annual" and "monthly" to show the development period of income in Indonesia.In this case, "annual" and "monthly" should have time when Joko Widodo said the income of his country.
The representation of social distinctions that were reflected or determined by participant roles, specific realities of the interpersonal interaction between the speaker and addressees, or speaker and some referent, was referred to as social deixis (Levinson, 2011).The recipient's title and "polite" pronouns can be used to express social deixis.According to Yule (2020), the recipient's title and "polite" pronouns are categorized as person deixis, because this is a person's title.The following are some examples of social deixis: "Excuse me, ma"am".The research conducted by Simatupang and Fathonah (2020) that they found social deixis in sentences."Your excellencies, the heads of state and governments as well as special envoys of friendly nations".Joko Widodo's use of "excellences" to welcome important guests during the speech was an example of the absolute social deixis.In this case, "excellencies" should have a social outlook as the most respected person in the event.
Levinson (2011) stated that discourse deixis was concerned with how expressions in the speech were used to highlight specific parts of the speech.It contained the utterance signals that linked them to the text that was surrounding them.Using demonstrative "this" and "that" can be used to convey discourse deixis.However, according to Yule (2020), the use of 'this' and 'that' is categorized as spatial deixis.The use of 'this' is for the position of something that is near the speaker, while the use of the word 'that' is used when the position of something is far from the speaker.The following are examples of discourse deixis: "You know I"ve already known that".In the research conducted by Simatupang and Fathonah (2020) that they found discourse deixis in the sentence "That is our target; that is our common target."Joko Widodo used the word "that" in this example to allude to the target that they were aiming for.
There were many types of communication, one of which was a formal speech delivered by Joko Widodo.Joko Widodo, the President of Indonesia, became the host country for the G20 Summit.He delivered his speech to close the G20 Summit on November 16, 2022.President Joko Widodo also made important points to close this event.The speech that was delivered by him became important because it shared the objective of establishing a global inclusive recovery from the pandemic.The various challenges that have emerged have not only hampered recovery but also threatened to plunge the world into a deeper crisis.When a state official conveys something, he must know to whom the speech refers.The understanding of deixis used by President Joko Widodo in this event is very important so as not to cause misunderstandings for the public in capturing what President Joko Widodo is talking about.
President Joko Widodo once told the public about Indonesia's participation in the G20 Presidency.According to Rizqi and Sabat (2022), President Joko Widodo delivered this statement at the Bogor Presidential Palace by conveying the theme of the G20 presidency, "Recover Together, Recover Stronger."When attempting to contact the leaders of the G20 participating countries, Joko Widodo conveyed this message.Meanwhile, at the Closing G20 Summit, President Joko Widodo expressed his gratitude to the leaders of the participating countries of the G20 Summit who were present to create collaborative projects between countries to achieve the goal of achieving a global pandemic recovery that is inclusive.
Rizqi & Sabat (2022) stated that President Joko Widodo had delivered a statement about the G20 Indonesian Presidency with a dominating person deixis.The research conducted by Rizqi and Sabat shows that 26 words used person deixis, 2 words used spatial deixis, and 7 words used temporal deixis.Research conducted by Rizqi and Sabat shows that person deixis dominates.The deixis theory used by Rizqi & Sabat was Yule's theory which states that there are 3 types of deixis, namely person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis.However, according to Levinson (1983), there are 5 types such as person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.
Therefore, the aim of this research was to find out what kind of deixis Joko Widodo wore to the G20 Summit's closing event.Using Levinson's theory, this research will look for the types of deixis used by Joko Widodo during the closing of the G20 Summit.The researcher will also discover which type of deixis was dominant when Joko Widodo delivered his closing G20 Summit speech.That way, the researcher would find out which deixis was used by Joko Widodo to reduce misunderstandings.
Based on all of those and the importance of deixis, this research aimed to answer the research questions.They are the type of deixis that is present in Joko Widodo's speech to close the G20 Summit and the predominant type of deixis in his speech.These two-research questions are answered by applying the qualitative research method applied in this research.This method will use content analysis to analyze all of the deixis used by Joko Widodo in his speech at the closing event of the G20 Summit.

METHODOLOGY
To explore the phenomenon of deixis in Joko Widodo's speech at the closing G20 Summit addressing different types of deixis, this research employed a descriptive qualitative method.The primary data for this research came from the speech script of Joko Widodo at the G2O Summit.First, the researchers downloaded the English transcript from the official website of the RI cabinet secretariat.Second, the researchers read the script of Joko Widodo"s speech carefully.Third, using a previously prepared data table, the researcher identified the various deixis.Fourth, the outcomes were presented by frequency table, and it was explained narratively.
To readily identify the utterances that belong to deixis by codifying each speech in numbers, the researcher watched the speech video after gathering the data and recorded the utterances with used Levinson"s deixis theory (1983) such as person deixis, temporal deixis, spatial deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.This study's data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's interactive mode (2018).According to Miles and Huberman, it consisted of three activity current flows: reduction of data, display of data, and drawing/verifying conclusions.The researchers began by carefully reading the script and converting the utterances into written data, then selecting the sentences or utterances of Joko Widodo's speech that contained the deixis to be analyzed and categorizing the data based on Levinson's theory about specific types of deixis.The data was then displayed as the next step.In this step, the data contained in the deixis were shown or displayed, not just generally, but specifically and clearly.Every type of deixis in those sentences was classified, as were the dominant deixis types used by Joko Widodo and the motives for Joko Widodo's use of deixis in closing the G20 Summit.The last step was to draw and validate the conclusion.Based on the research questions and the deixis theory used, a conclusion was drawn from the research findings in this step.

Findings
According to the research, Joko Widodo's speech in closing the G20 meeting Presidency regularly used these sorts of deixis.Levinson (1983) distinguished three forms of deixis: person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.The numerous types of deixis used had various references and meanings.This (1) That ( 1) "I would like to express my highest gratitude to all the leaders and delegates in attendance for providing flexibility so the joint declaration could be agreed and ratified." My ( 1) leaders ( 1) delegates ( 1) "I would also like to offer my highest appreciation to all working groups and engagement groups for their dedication, contribution, thoughts, and contributions to Indonesia"s G20 Presidency." Their ( 1) "In addition to the declaration, Indonesia"s G20 Presidency also produced concrete deliverables which contained a list of cooperation projects for G20 member states and invitations.""The cooperation projects will help bring G20 closer to the people, ensuring that G20 is beneficial not only for its members but also for the world, and especially for developing countries."

Us (1) "Your Excellencies,"
Your (1) Excellencies ( 1) "I would also like to congratulate India that will be the successor of the next G20 presidency." Successor ( 1) That ( 1) We (1) I ( 1) My ( 1) Your ( 1) Excellencies ( 1) "I declare the G20 Summit in Bali, Indonesia, officially concluded." "Thank you" You (1) "And, I hand over the gavel of presidency to India" According to these findings, Joko Widodo's closing G20 summit speech included instances of person deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.In his speech, Joko Widodo did not use spatial deixis because Joko Widodo did not talk about a location that Joko Widodo wanted to point to, such as using here or there.This finding is different from what Rizqi and Sabat (2022) did when they wanted to find out about President Joko Widodo's use of deixis prior to the G20 Summit.By using the theory of Yule (2020), Rizqi and Sabat found all the elements of deixis from this theory, namely person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis.

Person Deixis
Person deixis was a term used to 'point' to someone, such as I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me, them, themselves, yourself, my, him, and so on (Levinson, 1983).There was person deixis in Joko Widodo's speech.This was shown in the table: The use of the first person (I and My) was widely used by Joko Widodo in his speech.In the statement "I would also like to offer my highest appreciation to all working groups and engagement groups for their dedication, contribution, thoughts, and contributions to Indonesia"s G20 Presidency.", it showed Joko Widodo's identity as the organizer of the G20 Summit who wants to thank all parties who have succeeded in the G20 Summit agenda in Indonesia.

Temporal Deixis
Temporal deixis were any expressions that point to a certain time, such as today, every day, after, last five years, now, last year, tonight, and so on (Yule, 2006).The timing of a speech was referred to as temporal deixis.Joko Widodo's speech contained temporal deixis.This was shown in the table.
Table 3 Joko Widodo used the word "Today" as time deixis.In the statement, "Alhamdulillah, today we can adopt and ratify the G20 Leaders" Declaration."showed the time when Joko Widodo and the audience stated that they can adopt and ratify the G20 Leaders" Declaration.

Social Deixis
According to Levinson (2011), social deixis was related to the encoding of social distinctions represented or defined by participant roles., such as president, mother, father, etc. Joko Widodo's speech contained social deixis.This was shown in the table.Joko Widodo used "Exellencies" and "Excellency" to the audiences of closing G20 Summit.Joko Widodo said, "Your Excellencies," that showed the audiences were honored guests who came from country representatives attending the G20 Summit.

Discourse Deixis
According to Levinson (2011), discourse deixis was concerned with the use of terms in speech, such as this and that, to point to particular parts of the discourse that contain the utterance.Joko Widodo's speech contained temporal deixis.This was shown in the table.From the findings above, the researcher found that there were 47 data that Joko Widodo used deixis, with details of 25 data person deixis, 3 data temporal deixis, 14 data social deixis, and 5 data discourse deixis.Thus, the type of deixis that dominated in Joko Widodo's speech at the closing of the G20 Summit was person deixis dominated by the pronoun "I" with 10 data found.

Discussion
Joko Widodo dominated using the person deixis "I" when delivered his speech at the closing of the G20 Summit.The pronoun "I" indicated that Joko Widodo was the country's leader who holds the mandate for organizing the G20 Summit.In his speech, Joko Widodo (2022) said "To denote the conclusion of Indonesia"s G20 presidency, I officially hand over the presidency to India as the next G20 presidency."Joko Widodo showed himself as the mandate holder of the presidency of the G20 Summit who will hand over the mandate to India at the next G20 Summit.This finding was similarly researched by Rizqi and Sabat (2022) when Joko Widodo delivered a statement about the G20 presidency before the G20 was officially held.In their research, Joko Widodo ever said "As someone with the mandate for the G20 Presidency in 2022, I have in the last two months been in touch with a number of world leaders and Secretary-General of the United Nations on the preparation for the upcoming G20 Summit, which to be held in Bali in November this year.".In this statement, Joko Widodo also showed the pronoun "I" as the country's leader who holds the mandate to hold the G20 Summit in 2022.From these two findings, that in every G20 Summit event speech, Joko Widodo showed himself as the mandate holder for holding the G20 Summit in Indonesia by dominating the use of the person deixis "I".

CONCLUSION
Based on the research above, researchers concluded that there are findings of the type of deixis used by Joko Widodo when delivered his speech at the closing of the G20 Summit.By using Levinson's theory, the researcher only found person deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis with a total of 47 data.The type of deixis that dominates Joko Widodo in delivering speeches was person deixis with a total of 25 data, dominated by 10 data using the pronoun "I".The use of the pronoun "I" indicated that Joko Widodo was the holder of the mandate for holding the G20 Summit in 2022.
The use of this deixis has helped his listeners avoid misunderstandings when Joko Widodo delivered a speech, as was the case when Joko Widodo's statement was discovered that his position was known as the mandate holder of the G20 Summit presidency.The researchers hoped that in future research, he will find out the other pragmatic side when Joko Widodo delivered a speech.That way, future research can find the implied meaning of when Joko Widodo delivered his speech.

Table 1 .
Data Analysis of Types of Deixis

Table 2 .
The Number of Person Deixis

Table 4 .
The Number of Social Deixis

Table 5 .
The Number of Discourse Deixis Joko Widodo uses 'this' when he said "This is the first declaration that can be realized since February 2022.".The use of 'this' indicates the first declaration of a result from Joko Widodo that has been realized since February 2022.