Variation in chemical composition and microbial contamination of Maize (Zea mays, L.) seedlings collected from different locations of Buner, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32663/ba.v1i2.1355Keywords:
Maize (Zea mays, L), Chemical composition, Microbial contamination, Total bacterial count, Total fungal countAbstract
The current study was aimed to investigate the proximate composition, mineral profile, total bacterial count (TBC), and total fungal count (TFC) in the maize seedlings of “Azam variety” collected from 14 different locations of “District Buner” namely: Agarai, Ambela, Bashkata, Dagger, Elai, Jangai, Karapa, Khanano Derai, Koga, Makhrani, Nawagi, Pir-Baba, Shalbandai, and Sultanwas. The laboratory analysis of maize seedlings revealed that the highest moisture content (13.16 %) was recorded in the samples from Sultanwas, crude fiber (2.55 %) and crude protein (12.38 %) were recorded in Agarai, while ash (3.48 %), crude fat (3.46 %), and NFE (79.94 %) were found maximum in Koga. The lowest value of the moisture (7.66 %) was found in the sample of Shalbandi, crude fiber (0.68 %) was found in Bashkata, NFE (67.28 %) was found in Khanano Derai, whereas ash (1.30 %), crude fat (1.36 %), and crude protein (7.25 %) were reported in Makhrani. In the case of mineral, the maximum Na (71.55 mg 100 g-1), K (415.67 mg 100 g-1), and P (405.41 mg Kg-1) were found in Shalbandai, Daggar, and Sultanwas while the lowest was observed in Elai and Makhrani. Likewise, maximum Fe (6.85 mg 100 g-1) was recorded in Koga, Zn (5.48 mg 100 g-1), and Mn (2.9 mg 100 g-1) in Makhrani, while Cu (2.96 mg 100 g-1) and Mg (175.4 mg 100 g-1) were found in Dagger. However, the minimum concentration of Zn (4.08 mg 100 g-1) and Cu (0.05 mg 100 g-1) were found in Agarai, Mn (0.4 mg 100 g-1) in Sultanwas, Fe (0.45 mg 100 g-1) in Pir-Baba and Mg (111.1 mg 100 g-1) in Jangai. The TBC and TFC were highest in Elai (3.94 ×104) and Pir-Baba (4.46×103) samples while the lowest value was observed in Karapa (3.6×103) and Makhrani (1.3×102), respectively. Besides, some fungal genera were also identified in the collected samples including Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Pencillium spp., and Rhizopus spp. Overall, It was concluded that geographical and environmental conditions are the major contributing factor that impacts the chemical composition and micro-flora of maize variety in different locations.
References
Bodner, J.E., J. T. Holbrook and K. Y. Patterson. (2009). Sodium and potassium intake and balance in adults consuming self-selected diets. American. J. Clinical. Nutri. 40(4):786-793. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/40.4.786.
Boler, B. M. V., Serao, M. C. R., Bauer, L. L., Staeger, M. A., Boileau, T. W., Swanson, K. S., & Fahey, G. C. (2011). Digestive physiological outcomes related to polydextrose and soluble maize fibre consumption by healthy adult men. British Journal of Nutrition, 106(12), 1864-1871. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511002388.
Fageer, A. S., & El Tinay, A. H. (2004). Effect of genotype, malt pretreatment and cooking on in vitro protein digestibility and protein fractions of corn. Food Chemistry, 84(4), 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00286-3.
Farhad, W., Saleem, M. F., Cheema, M. A., & Hammad, H. M. (2009). Effect of poultry manure levels on the productivity of spring maize (Zea mays L.). J. Anim. Plant Sci, 19(3), 122- 125.
Feil, B., Moser, S. B., Jampatong, S., & Stamp, P. (2005). Mineral composition of the grains of tropical maize varieties as affected by pre-anthesis drought and rate of nitrogen fertilization. Crop Science, 45(2), 516-523. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0516
Hassan, A. B., Osman, G. A., Rushdi, M. A., Eltayeb, M. M., & Diab, E. E. (2009). Effect of gamma irradiation on the nutritional quality of maize cultivars (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grains. Pak J Nutr, 8(2), 167-171.
Hobbs, L. (2003). Corn sweetneners. Chapter 17. Corn: chemistry & technology, Edition American Association of cereal chemicals Inc. St. Paul, Minesota, USA. Pp, 635-669.
Hussaini, M. A., Ogunlela, V. B., Ramalan, A. A., & Falaki, A. M. (2008). Mineral composition of dry season maize (Zea mays L.) in response to varying levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and irrigation at Kadawa, Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(6), 775-780.
Ijabadeniyi, A. O., & Adebolu, T. T. (2005). The effect of processing methods on the nutritional properties of ogi produced from three maize varieties. J. Food Agric. Environ, 3, 108-109.
Jiang, H. Y., Zhu, Y. J., Wei, L. M., Dai, J. R., Song, T. M., Yan, Y. L., & Chen, S. J. (2007). Analysis of protein, starch and oil content of single intact kernels by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in maize (Zea mays L.). Plant breeding, 126(5), 492-497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2007.01338.x.
Maziya-Dixon, B. B., Kling, J. G., & Okoruwa, A. E. (2000). Physical, chemical and water absorption characteristics of tropical maize hybrids. African Crop Science Journal, 8(4), 419-428. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/22163.
Nabb, S. L., & Benton, D. (2006). The effect of the interaction between glucose tolerance and breakfasts varying in carbohydrate and fibre on mood and cognition. Nutritional neuroscience, 9(3-4), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10284150600955099.
Nooh, A., Amra, H., Youssef, M. M., & El-Banna, A. A. (2014). Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi occurrence in Egyptian maize. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(2), 521-532.
Ntuli, V., Mekbib, S. B., Asita, A. O., Molebatsi, N., Makotoko, M., & Chatanga, P. (2013). Microbial and physicochemical characterization of maize and wheat flour from a milling company, Lesotho.
Nuss, E. T., & Tanumihardjo, S. A. (2011). Quality protein maize for Africa: closing the protein inadequacy gap in vulnerable populations. Advances in Nutrition, 2(3), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.110.000182.
Ostlund Jr, R. E., Racette, S. B., Okeke, A., & Stenson, W. F. (2002). Phytosterols that are naturally present in commercial corn oil significantly reduce cholesterol absorption in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 75(6), 1000-1004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1000.
Paliwal, R.L. 2000. Uses of maize. Chapter 7. In: R.L Paliwal, G. Granados, H.R Lafitte, A.D Vovllolk, eds. Tropical Maize: Improvement and production. Edition Food and Agriculture organization of United Nations Rome, Pp: 45-57.
Peplinski, A. J., Paulsen, M. R., Anderson, R. A., & Kwolek, W. F. (1989). Physical, chemical, and dry-milling characteristics of corn hybrids from various genotypes. Cereal Chem, 66(2), 117-120.
Prasanna, B. M., Vasal, S. K., Kassahun, B., & Singh, N. N. (2001). Quality protein maize. Current science, 1308-1319.
Rahim, H. U., Mian, I. A., Arif, M., Rahim, Z. U., Ahmad, S., Khan, Z., ... & Haris, M. (2019). Residual effect of biochar and summer legumes on soil physical properties and wheat growth. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 8(1), 16-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700159.
Saeed, M., Ullah, S., Shah, Z., Iqbal, M., Waqas, M., Haroon, M., & Shah, H. U. (2013). Proximate composition and mineral content of maize grains influenced by mulching. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 19(3).
Saleem, M., Ahsan, M., Aslam, M., & Majeed, A. (2008). Comparative evaluation and correlation estimates for grain yield and quality attributes in maize. Pak. J. Bot, 40(6), 2361-2367.
Trabelsi, S., Kraszewski, A. W., & Nelson, S. O. (1998). Nondestructive microwave characterization for determining the bulk density and moisture content of shelled corn. Measurement Science and Technology, 9(9), 1548.
Trumbo, P., Yates, A. A., Schlicker, S., & Poos, M. (2001). Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 101(3), 294.
Ullah, I., Ali, M., & Farooqi, A. (2010). Chemical and nutritional properties of some maize (Zea mays L.) varieties grown in NWFP, Pakistan. Pakistan journal of Nutrition, 9(11), 1113-1117.
Veldhorst, M., Smeets, A. J. P. G., Soenen, S., Hochstenbach-Waelen, A., Hursel, R., Diepvens, K., ... & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. (2008). Protein-induced satiety: effects and mechanisms of different proteins. Physiology & behavior, 94(2), 300-307.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The author(s) still hold the copyright of his/her/their work and retain publishing rights without restrictions such as (but not limited to) patent right, lecture, book and reproduce the article for own purposes. This is stated in Copyright Notice
